Molecular motors = large aggregates of motor proteins that utilize chemical derived from ATP Undergo cyclic conformational changes accumulating into unified, directional force. Force = pulls apart chromosomes in a dividing cell, or force that levers mammoths into motion. Interactions among motor proteins = complementary arrangements of ionic, H-bonding, hydrophobic, van der Waals interactions at protein binding sites.

METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF HIGHER LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION. Various Spectroscopic Methods Are Employed in Evaluating Protein Structure and Function Ultraviolet Light Spectroscopy Fluorescence Spectroscopy Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Proteins Can Be Separated and Characterized Based on Molecular Weight or Size Ultracentrifugation: Definition of Svedberg Coefficient

RNA: RIBONUCLEIC ACID: how DNA communicates its message. • RNA is the genetic material of some viruses and is necessary for all organisms for protein synthesis to occur. RNA could have been the “original” nucleic acid when life first arose on Earth some 3.8 billion years ago. • Like DNA, all RNA molecules have a similar chemical organization, consisting of nucleotides. • Like DNA, each RNA nucleotide is also composed of three subunits

Photophosphorylation differs from oxidative phosphorylation in requiring the input of energy in the form of light to create a good electron donor and a good electron acceptor. In photophosphorylation, electrons flow through a series of membrane-bound carriers including cytochromes, quinones, and iron-sulfur proteins, while protons are pumped across a membrane to create an electrochemical potential. Electron transfer and proton pumping are catalyzed by membrane complexes homologous in structur...

Protein Interactions Modulated by Chemical Energy: Actin, Myosin, and Molecular Motors proteins= interactions achieve high levels of the spatial and temporal organization. Additional Proteins Organize the Thin and Thick Filaments into Ordered Structures. Mechanism of contraction. cyclic conformational changes.

AMINO ACIDS: FUNDAMENTALS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE. Protein Architecture. Amino Acids Share Common Structural Features. The Amino Acid Residues in Proteins Are L Stereoisomers. Amino Acids Can Be Classified by R Group. Nonpolar, Aliphatic R Groups. Aromatic R Groups Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Polar, uncharged R Groups. Positively charged (Basic) R Groups. Negatively charged (acidic) R groups. Uncommon Amino Acids Also Have Important Functions. Amino Acids can act as acids and bases

Enzymes are highly specialized proteins which act as the catalyst of the biological system. Louis Pasteur was the first to recognize the importance of enzymes while studying the fermentation process and denoted it as "ferment"-an integral part of living cells. It was Edward Buchner who in 1897 extracted the enzyme from yeast cells, responsible for fermentation of sugar to alcohol. In 1926, James B. Sumner isolated and crystallized urease and also postulated that all enzymes are proteins. Today...

Ion transport Solute Transport across Membranes Passive Transport Is Facilitated by Membrane Proteins Transporters can be grouped into superfamilies based on their structures P-type ATPases undergo phosphorylation during their catalytic cycles P-Type Ca 2 Pumps maintain a low concentration of calcium in the cytosol F-Type ATPases Are Reversible, ATP-Driven Proton Pumps The glucose transporter of erythrocytes mediates passive transport

Revise the concepts and terminology of atomic structure as they relate to chemical bonding for your biochemistry exam. This includes notes on covalent single, double, hybrid and polar bonding and also discussion about the unique nature and characteristics of carbon compounds