Pathophysiology (Pathophysiology)

1. What are the clinical manifestations of appendicitis? right lower abdominal pain, nausea and occasionally diarrhea 2. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? overgrowth of Clostrid- ioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria; overexposure to antibiotics 3. What is the nonpharmacologic treatment for pseudo colitis? fecal trans- plant, colectomy, antibiotics 4. What is the cause of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)? bacteria spread from person to person; bacteria penetrates the stomach muc...

Stages of general adaptation syndrome - 1. Alarm Initial reaction Sympathetic nervous system 2. Resistance Adaptation Limit stressor 3. Exhaustion Adaptation failing Disease develops Edema - Excess fluid in the interstitial space Dehydration (ECF volume deficit) - Can occur independently without electrolyte defects Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of blood solutes Cell shrinkage Hypotension Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit - Decreased fluid ...

Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a region) - Gastritis _________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage - Acute Gastritis _________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain - Acute Gastritis _________ Gastritis develops gradually. - Chronic Gastritis Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Chronic Gastritis Symptoms of...

Pathophysiology - the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body sign vs symptom - a sign is a physical manifestation (objective), a symptom is what the patient tells you about the disease (subjective) Cell components - nucleus/nucleolus, cytoplasm, cell membrane General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. Intracellular fluid (ICF) - fluid inside cells Extracellular fluid (ECF) - fl...

Homeostasis - o A state in which all systems are in balance. State of equilibrium. Maintaining internal conditions stable. Allostasis: - o Ability to successfully adapt to challenges. Intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain. Epidemiology: - Study of diseases within a population. Epidemiology is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations. Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary, secondary, and tertiary as w...

Function of mitochondria - ATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell Rough ER - That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. Smooth ER - That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. Homeostasis - A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Hypertrophy - increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive development ...

Type 1 diabetes - Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia. Type 2 diabetes - Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production...

passive immunity - Transfer of performed antibodies against a specific antigen from protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non-immunized individual Examples of passive immunity - IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies) Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation) - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid) - 135-145 mEq/L Calcium value normal range - 9-11 mg/...

passive immunity - Transfer of performed antibodies against a specific antigen from protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non-immunized individual Examples of passive immunity - IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies) Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation) - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid) - 135-145 mEq/L Calcium value normal range - 9-11 mg/...